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Money is handed to a charity, and the donor gets a few more minutes to talk with a politician. Money changes hands, and an investigation is called off. Which is the bigger story? Obviously, the one with Hillary Clinton in it. Why? It’s not about bias — this happens even on tv stations where the reporters’ personal biases are in her favor. What’s wrong with the Clinton campaign's messaging on corruption? What are the promises and moral foundations of each campaign, and why does corruption stick to with Clinton’s campaign more?

Corruption: Slippery & Sticky

What makes corruption sticky in a media circus? A new scandal every week leaves listeners with the sense that they are only one-week scandals. But attacks on Clinton are designed to stick. Republicans still talk about Whitewater. The emails, Benghazi, Pay-for-Play. Pay for Play is framing genius: every politician in DC, even the relatively clean ones like Sanders, take donations and “play” more with donors. So Pay-for-Play is a scandal that is nothing more than (what every politician does) + (Hillary Clinton). Can you name Trump’s scandals? I can’t. I’d hope the Clinton campaign could be creative, but if not, why isn’t handing Bondi money to call off an investigation labeled BondiGate? Why not bring up the same old scandal week after week, until people recognize it? With better framing, and a unified and repeated message, the Democrats could make the Trump corruption much stickier.

Conversely, how does a politician make themselves sticky? Trump brushes off scandal, diverting to a new subject. Clinton defends herself when she's done something wrong but not worse than other politicians. I think she believes in her own honesty, which unfortunately leads her to defend herself when she should divert, leads her to give complex defenses that leave people thinking about what she did wrong.

Corrupting a Politician’s Personal Metaphor and Moral Foundations

How does each candidate frame themselves, what values do they attempt to invoke, and how does corruption break their frame?

When I think Hillary Clinton, I think “qualified.” She represents the establishment way of doing things, done quite well, she is at the top of the class and working hard. Qualified: you can imagine Hillary as the student who breaks the curve in your classroom, she deserves the top grade. Qualified evokes the moral foundation of fairness, she deserves the top job. She claims to be a public servant: becoming a millionaire as a public servant, even if no laws are broken, leaves me with a headache.

When I see Trump, I see a strongman. He focuses on two of the moral foundations that liberals generally ignore: authority and in-group loyalty. Go watch The Godfather. Trump wants to be your Godfather. So the Godfather is under investigation and pays off the attorney general. Is this a problem? No, he’s doing his mob-running job.

He's a gang-leader: corruption won't bring him down, viciously slandering his enemies fits his job title. Disloyalty to people working for him is his weak-spot.

Trump is up-front about it: he is running for Godfather in a corrupt system. For that role, bribing a prosecutor is totally in-role. Many people see the system as corrupt, and want a strong man to make deals for them. What’s left to get excited about? Clinton asks us for something else. She says she is not corrupt and is playing by the system’s rules. Accuse her, and she says other politicians do the same thing. I hate other politicians, I hate that corruption is endemic, baked right into the system.

Of course, this is all framing, and all total bullshit.

Clinton's Corruption: What Sticks to Her Frame

Not everything wrong with Clinton is just fluff and false-framing. Hillary Clinton is corrupt in the ways that most lawyers and politicians are corrupt — it’s basically on another, lower, scale, doing the things you do in politics. Donald Trump is corrupt on the criminal and theft scale, taking money from college students and small business contractors, handing cash to divert investigations.

Although Trump’s corruption is personally worse, the widespread legal corruption, the way politicians and lawyers screw us over, is generally more of a problem for the US. Wall Street was crashed by greed within the law, democracy has been subverted by payoffs and bribes within the law.

Hillary Clinton believes that following the rules that politicians have set for themselves counts as integrity. When Clinton is attacked by people mostly more corrupt than her, she — alone among the political class — gets on stage and defends herself as following the rules politicians have written for themselves. Some of the problems when comparing Trump and Clinton are the fault of a media circus — but this one is real, Sanders was right. She has made herself rich on public service, she is a typical politician. If Clinton isn’t going to have an epiphany and change of heart, then she needs to shut up about her integrity being pretty good for a politician. America is right not to like the status quo, and standing up for the status quo is both unethical and an election-season disaster.

Trump's Corruption: What Sticks to His Frame

Jonathan Haidt says that Hillary needs to show that Trump is a con man, who violates "moral intuitions about fairness." I think that we need to divide Trump's voters in two. The core of Trump's support feels aggrieved, treated unfairly, they want their turn, and fairness is not what Trump offers anyway. Mob bosses are all about loyalty. They want him to be a mob boss or a con man, but their con man. You have to show that he turns on people like them, people who trust him. When Trump pays a contractor less than he promised or declares bankruptcy and moves on from a bad investment, he waivers between being the kind of person you want making deals for you and the kind of person who will be disloyal and screw you instead of making deals for you. To defeat Trump, forget corruption, and focus on disloyalty. His supporters have to walk in the shoes of others who who trusted Trump, not just witness unfairness. There is a second group of grudging Trump voters with traditional conservative values: these people can be, they are, both turned off and unsurprised by Trump's crassness and corruption ... but Trumps' corruption still doesn't stick because Trump's self-framing is not a traditional conservative frame.

Making it Stick

Clinton is a well-qualified rich lawyer-politician and is not particularly on your side, but perhaps she is fair -- cheating sticks to her frame. Trump is strongman and is not fair, but is claiming to be on your side -- disloyalty sticks.

Forget calling him corrupt, except occasionally. It's not the opposite of his frame, so it won't stick. Corruption hurts Hillary Clinton because she isn't charismatic and people don't believe she's on their side, but if she was both fair and qualified that would be enough. A mob boss isn't supposed to be fair, but loyal.

Disloyal Donald.

Have a series of “A Man’s Work” and “A Woman’s Work” that goes into his hotels and other properties with contractors and describes a piece of work, the small business that ran it. Run the ads as if they are pro-Trump at the beginning, you walk in the shoes of small businesspeople who work with their hands. “The electrical system needs this many amps, provides lighting for this many people. I installed it with my two sons, we’ve been a family business for x years. Work like this is how I put my kids through college. We contracted for $50,000, from that I have to pay for the parts as well as my labor, installing the wiring on this Trump hotel. This was a good job, I do good work and get paid fair and that puts food on my family’s table. Trump never paid the bill. I thought working for Trump was a good opportunity, it was not.”

Clinton should, purposefully, break minor laws in creating these mini-documentaries. Tape it inside a Trump property without permission. If Trump says anything, it’s easy to make him look stupid the way he does to her: you didn’t pay the people you promised to pay, and now you want to complain that we took a picture? Be tough. Force Trump to attack ordinary people who look like his supporters, or to be pushed around.

People do work for you, you don't pay them. These should be repeated hundreds of times. Have the names of a dozen people Trump hasn't paid, say it over and over with each name. Doing business with Donald is a bad deal for small businesses, painters, plumbers, electricians. Name as many groups as you can.

People lend you money, you don't pay them. xx bankruptcies. Bankrupt Donald. If you really are a billionaire, pay back the people who lend you money, at least the small business people just trying to make a living for themselves.

Offer to hire lawyers for contractors who’ve been stiffed by Trump where the statute of limitations hasn't passed. If a contractor has been silenced as terms of an agreement, have them violate that agreement and pay their fines. Openly mention that Trump has promised to pay the fines for people who punch. You’ll pay the fines for someone who isn’t silenced.

Your dad gave you a fortune, you wasted a lot of your dad's inheritance. I think if you had put your Dad's money in a mutual fund, you'd be richer. Man up and show your tax returns. If you were an investor working for anyone but your dad, they'd say You're Fired.

Students trust you with their college funds. You take their money in a scam. You claim to be rich, you could make a deal for them, but you don't. BondiGate -- you pay off Bondi to hide your guilt, when you could have taken that money and refunded a few students' tuitions. This has to start by putting people in the students' shoes, not just the corruption of buying off Bondi.

Cognitive Politics integrates political communications ideas. This post is inspired by George Lakoff's ideas on framing and Jonathan Haidt's writings on Moral Foundations. See: And Then There Was Trump for interview with Jonathan Haidt.

This is a framing exercise, exploring why PolitiFact says Clinton lies much less than typical politicians, yet she still has a terrible reputation? Part of a series looking at how lying is framed, rather than fact-checking as PolitiFact does.

Step 1: Think of 2 or 3 lies by Clinton. And half a dozen by Trump. Write them into a comment below.

Imagine that instead of this being an election, it's a sport, and they are athletes from your favorite team. Plus maybe you and they have all been drinking.

Step 2: For each lie, Is it just bragging or smack talk -- does it feel like they are lying to you, or is it just a bold claim you're invited to participate in?

Example:

My opponent is satan => smack talk
My program will save a trillion dollars => bragging
I didn't do it => lying to you

My exploration of the fairness, compassion and efficiency of a $15+ minimum wage.

...

I believe that employers should pay a living wage for a number of reasons:

Fairness: I think the market negotiating power of people doing basic but necessary jobs is very weak, and they get underpaid compared to their real contribution. I think the Walmart owners, for example, are extracting more value than they create, and paying their employees less, thanks to imbalanced negotiating power.
Decency/Compassion/Abundance: Even if people really were incapable of contributing enough to have a living wage, I’d think that our society has enough abundance and many of these people are raising families who will suffer enough at $15 or $20/hour, and it would be decent of the billionaires to help create a world with less misery.
It gets complicated for me from here: Even a $15 minimum wage would cause economic problems (especially in rural areas), not achieving what it sets out to achieve. And $22/hour, which would be a wage that would keep low-paid Americans at about the level that lower-paid white males had a generation or so ago, would create a lot of problems even if I think it is fair.* But a policy proposal designed to create a fair world without creating market distortions would be very complex and would not create the same kind of soundbite.

So my preference is an aspiration politician on the left who calls for at least $15/hour as fair, but is ready to talk to conservatives once elected and negotiate a different approach instead of a minimum wage law — probably minimum income or earned income credit. It might also make sense to demand that large corporations pay enough that all their employees are food stamps and so on; if there have to be horribly underpaid jobs, let them be filled by small businesses, not have Walmart dominate a community employment opportunities — especially because large corporations are better at keeping people pigeon-holed, unskilled and thus low paid, they don’t create the same path upwards you might see in a story of a junior stockboy at a small shop and talking with the owner every day.

The robot economy is going to create vast misery quite soon if we don’t make some big changes.

*fair: That the old minimum is about what people deserved, imo. Though how to be objective about much the person who picked the strawberries I just ate, or a childcare provider without a degree, or stock trader, each “contribute,” I think we’re all just shoving our biases into frameworks that return the results we already wanted to hear. The far left says that labor creates all wealth, the far right says that your contribution can be measured by what you are able to negotiate as pay in a competitive marketplace. I think the truth is somewhere in the middle.

Many Sanders supporters claim there is no difference between Democrats and Republicans. As I write, Democratic Congresspeople are holding a sit-in to demand gun control while Republicans after Orlando still march under the NRA’s orders. 

Today they are calling the Republicans out, demanding change, leading. Today there is no doubt there is a difference, and lives are on the line. When corporate give-aways are on the line, it’s much harder to tell the difference.

This isn’t an accident, it’s a trap. This is the trap that all honest Americans are in. We can’t just say gun control is no biggie, and claim that the parties are the same, and be living in reality. But our politicians are largely bought and sold by the same corporate donors. Conservatives who honestly believe that life begins at conception or that gun control will create more problems then it solves, but who want to see more integrity and competence in DC, are stuck in the same bind.

This isn’t an accident. Forty years ago the Republican Party stood for the interests of the richest of the 1%. But they needed 51% of the counted votes, so they built an election machine based on social issues.

Bernie Sanders movement represents two deep desires. One is for a return of the Democratic wing of the Democratic Party, for leaders who follow in the footsteps of FDR. The American left has had no leaders vying for the presidency in quite a long time, so long we’re forgetting who we are. The other deep desire is for honesty and integrity. Not all leftists have integrity, not all moderates and conservatives lack it. But right now both integrity and traditional Democratic values are wrapped together in Sanders’ double-movement.

Trapped between the Democratic corporate machine & the NRA Think of the Southern Strategy like a bear trap. Our obvious choices are to stay in the trap, fighting for women’s right to choose, for sane gun control, for one war instead of two (Afghanistan but not Iraq, had Gore won.) Or tear our foot out of the trap with a third party run, which will express our anger and almost certainly leave us righteously bleeding to death. Is there a way to spring the trap instead?

We tried to be the left’s answer to integrity in the primary. Sanders double-movement went to the Democrats, and shouted that we should be the honesty party. When that fails, if corruption rules the Democrats even in their own primaries, we need to leave them to fight their own fight with a little support. We should not undermine them from the left nor pretend that they are something they are not. Rejected by the Democrats, instead our movement needs to tack to the center for an election cycle, and focus on integrity. Find allies among conservatives who hate bureaucracy and corruption, or hate strong-man populism, find the libertarians who oppose oil wars, and build a movement in the center. A movement willing to call for a stall or compromise in the social wars — where honest people scream at each other — and instead focus on crony capitalism and corrupt politics together.

Today honest Democrats and progressives alone can’t fight against corporate interests without doing real damage on social issues, without handing the day to the NRA. The trap is real — we will lose if we try that strategy. The trap is real — it doesn’t go away just because we see it. The only way out of the Southern Strategy trap is for honest people on left and right to put our differences on ice and focus on corruption. This will have to involve communication and compromise, it will have to happen during this election cycle only if conservatives and moderates with integrity join, not the left going it alone.

According to Moral Foundations Theory, conservatives are much more attuned to sacredness or sanctity than liberals are. When I say this to liberals, they often use nature as a counter-example.

Are they wrong? Does cutting down a forest seem to violate fairness to liberals: you didn't plant that forest, so you can't cut it down. Does a forest seem in some way alive, so cutting down a forest lacks compassion to the forest itself?

Or have we found an edge case contradiction to Moral Foundations, where liberals do see sanctity, see a natural order that should not be violated?

1. Is Moral Foundations theory wrong on sanctity? If you re-asked the survey questions about Moral Foundations, and instead of asking about desecrating flags and incest that doesn't lead to children, asked about violating nature, would liberals be the ones who most strongly believed in sanctity?
2. If you put cognitive-liberals and conservatives in MRI machines, liberals and conservatives seem likely to use the same part of their brains for compassion. Would the MRIs show that abortion and deforestation fired a sanctity response? Or would liberals show compassion for forests?
3. Is nature an edge case? Do liberals believe in sanctity, fire a response for sanctity, only when they think of the subject as a subject, as an entity? In other words, only cognitive-conservatives have a moral foundation about desecrated symbols, ideas, or independent people making decisions about what would desecrate themselves. If a forest could clearcut itself, liberals would be ok with that. Since a forest can't protect itself, it becomes our job. Liberals cut off their sense of sanctity when another being consents for itself?

Moral Foundations doesn't mean people can't recognize a value. I can assess that Reagan was a skilled leader without personally valuing his leadership. I can see that a forest has a beauty that I might describe with words that evoke sanctity. So the question is, do I as a liberal feel the sanctity of a nature in a similar way to how conservatives feel the sanctity of a man and woman make a marriage?

The words we use can easily create limits to understanding. What is sanctity, and how does it relate to compassion? Is a person who believes that every human being deserves medical care and a roof over their head, who believes no crime should be answered with the death penalty, expressing a sanctity-within-humanity? Animal rights very clearly and rather simply extends this to other beings that have feelings. We can use words like sacredness or sanctity for these feelings. Is a forest also receiving compassion from the same place? Is a belief that government sanction of homosexuality can violate the natural order coming from the same value foundation or not?

###

I've often encountered this when talking about unspoiled nature, and also GMOs. Haidt mentions that the left cares about food sanctity: https://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_haidt_on_the_moral_mind/transcript?l… GMOs are a fascinating case because many liberals who oppose GMOs don't trust that they are safe (harm foundation) but also seem to be responding on little evidence. (Whatever the real evidence is, I'm not discussing here -- most people don't know the real evidence and are responding from their intutions..)

The Competing Frames of Clinton and Sanders

There are a lot of ways to see "us and them" in government. Most Hillary supporters see a struggle for decency and sanity between two sides: for a generation or longer, government has steadily had one side fighting for Civil Rights, for women's rights, for constraint around war, against poverty. Sanders supporters see government as owned by lobbyists and run by money, with the same corporations buying both parties. Social issues are used to keep us divided. Both these perspectives have a bit of truth, and are often the divide between Hillary and Bernie. How do you connect across the frames?

Demographics

If we want to undo BernieOrBust, the first step is to realize who is behind it. Serious activists on the Sanders campaign are desperate for people to phone bank. They post in the Facebook feeds asking people to stop posting memes and phone bank. BernieOrBust is mostly the political non-operatives, people who don't feel like they are part of the system, and therefor feel inclined to blame the whole system for corruption. These are mostly people who wouldn't be active at all in politics if it weren't for Sanders channeling the kind of energy he's had since he was young and rebellious.

Consider the messenger

Messages from the Clinton camp calling for Sanders to stop running, mixed with a message that Sanders supporters have to support you in November -- the story here is "we won, so shut up," the messenger is the opponent. Yes, there is plenty of poorly framed messaging and anger from various Sanders supporters, but that messaging is also completely ineffective or counter-productive.

The best messengers for people who think Sanders is great and Hillary is terrible are people who think Sanders great and Hillary is alright. George Takei http://www.salon.com/2016/04/28/george_takei_scolds_bernie_supporters_w… is powerful internet presence in this demographic. Once the primary is over, it seems likely that Sanders will be one of these messengers. So if you can avoid making it personal during this more heated time, avoid getting people to dig in to their positions now, and it'll get much easier after the primary.

Exchange and Fairness.

When Nader ran against Gore, many people made deals: Californian Gore-supporters would vote for Nader in exchange for Floridian Nader-supporters voting for Gore. I don't think we need such complexities now. But if you want the votes of people excited by Sanders who feel that Clinton is a good example of what's wrong with American politics even if she is on "our side" amongst the corruption, spend more time listening. Work with the Sanders supporters you know on things like petitions against Citizens United, be part of the anti-corruption and anti-money work, actively, so you are having a balanced conversation when you ask them to vote for someone they see as corrupt and only a lesser evil.

Considering getting rid of the superdelegates. Superdelegates have seemed like part of the corruption of politics, especially to younger voters waking into a system they feel very little ability to influence. The Sanders movement needs to be given some reforms: young people politically active for the first time in their lives need to leave feeling like they were listened to and that their vote (for Sanders) counted for something. Get Sanders involved, let them win this change that will impact the next primary, so people don't have to feel like the machine can never be beaten at all.

Sanders supporters feel silenced if they lose this primary. Find ways to give them back their voice and you'll mobilize that voter base.

If you want to be able to ask friends who support Sanders to give their vote to the candidate who won't show them her speeches to Goldman Sachs, what can you give them? Look for reforms to make the Democratic primary more democratic. Post about Citizens United. Be the person they hear taking the lead on reducing the corruption that upsets them most. Then you have a right to ask for their vote, rather than just hope their tactical analysis eventually lines up with yours.

The First Rule of the Bernie Or Bust Club is never say the word "Bust."

The Democratic Party, after having a surprisingly mature start to the primary season, is about to tear itself apart. These frames aren't just angry, they are disrespectful. BernieOrBust pretends to be talking to the DNC, but a huge portion of the Sanders base including volunteers (and likely including Sanders) will be very upset if the Sanders primary plays even a small role in a Republican victory. And "Just Vote Blue" is basically saying "shut up."

What are the real messages, how could each of these movements be reframed to work?

The underlying message driving BernieOrBust is one that most Democrats used to agree on. Money interests keep ordinary people at each others' throats over social issues that Big Money don't care about, while rewriting the rules to move ever more of this countries wealth upwards. Our politics will continue to deteriorate as long as money runs rampant. Hillary Clinton has in many ways joined the problematic politics that keeps us divided: guns and abortion and other social issues keep working-class conservatives voting for the Republican side of the machine's coin, and she is stepping into that frame in the role of representing the gun-control and choice side of that coin. We can't cave in to that machine, or the country will drift ever farther to the right and under the boot.

BernieOrBust advocates need to disentangle two issues. Sanders is the most honest and high-integrity candidate in this race. And the farthest left. We need to admit to ourselves: we haven't convinced the country to go this far left. We have no right to freak out that a Socialist doesn't win elections in America, or to ruin the chances of moderate-progressives whose views match the center of what America would be if it were a democracy. It is time to get angry, and many moderates and even conservatives are with us, that the machine is crushing honest people. Small doses of anger at people who vote for a candidate they know to be a machine candidate may even be in order -- but if you're angry all the time, right or not, you'll just come across as angry. Sanders movement might know it's right, but it's not going to convince more people unless there is more joy and only limited doses of anger.

Just Vote Blue has generally been living a false narrative. Most of the political operatives on the Sanders side, progressives who have been active for years, are perfectly ready to vote for Hillary Clinton. It's the new people, the young, alive, inspired base, that is furious at politics as usual, and furious at you if you will vote for a candidate who takes briefcases of cash (in digital form) for "speeches" and then won't even release the transcripts. This much money in politics is corrupt, blatantly, unapologetically, widespread. You deserve the fury of your kids if you vote for a corrupt politician when there is an honest choice. I haven't seen statistics, but you should ask yourself: are the people you are telling to just vote blue actually democrats, or people upset with the system who joined politics behind Sanders and will leave again without him. I haven't seen statistics, but in my world, Sanders isn't costing Clinton votes, but the new people he mobilized won't stay without him. How can you convince them that voting for Hillary Clinton is a step on the path forward?

If your goal is to convince people who are new to politics to be more pragmatic and stick it out for the long run, you are asking them a big favor. You are asking them to get themselves dirty -- for young voters, you are asking them to join the muck of dirty politics for no good reason, because the other option is right in front of us.

Online comments are one of the worst places for mind-changing conversations. A key techniques to get around this: create your frame and question, but leave it open ended, requesting the reader to draw the conclusion. The example below is in response to someone who believes Sanders is a lost cause because he is too far left:

I think you're right that Sanders is much farther to the left than most Americans identify. But, if he were a left-extremist, we'd see him doing well with Democrats and poorly with independents in open primaries. It's completely the opposite. So something more complex is going on.

If I say "Sanders will win with moderates," the online answer is "no he won't." But even a reader inclined to disagree with me has to engage their thinking to think about what I think is complex.

Techniques from Appendix IV at the back of Cognitive Politics: start by agreeing as much as possible, set a frame but skip the conclusion.

The United States isn't fully ready for women to break the glass ceiling, to hold power. As Hillary Clinton aims for a leadership role, it is bringing out ugly speech that exposes more than name-calling.

What does it mean that an audience of progressives applauds "corporate Democratic whores?" If a politician is selling out our nation, and we're trying to come up with the worst insult we can think of, do we compare them to a thief, a bandit, a warlord? No, we collectively intuit that sex is worse than criminality and use sexual terms. The logical insult for someone making a profit selling other people out, with sex thrown in, would be a "pimp." But it would be rare to hear Clinton or Congress referred to as pimps, instead people seeking the worst insult for powerful people often imply that they are women.

The general response to symptoms of sexism has been to get angry, to demand that Sanders disavow statements (as he has this time), but I don't think that gets us very far.

This incident is more interesting than just a bit of sexist name-calling, it exposes how our society and our language teach us to relate to power and gender. When most people people think of a "whore" in the sense that was used on the stage, what comes to mind is a woman in poverty with no good options who sells use of her body, perhaps to feed her kids. Most congresspeople selling us out are men, wealthy, who have many comfortable options besides selling out. Besides being impolite, the word evokes a metaphor that is the opposite of what was meant about gender, power and integrity. Why would a progressive speaker use a metaphor that turns so thoroughly against the reality they consciously believe they are fighting?

Exploring Metaphors and Frames

George Lakoff (Don't Think of an Elephant) describes liberal politics as built upon the metaphor of a nurturing parent who provides support, while conservative politics has a foundation of a strict father who teaches discipline. Calling sell-out politicians "whores" matches neither of these. What underlying way of seeing the world is evoked when naming powerful sell-outs as whores?

Lakoff's hypothesis is that we all think about complex topics with simpler metaphors. Families are a basic, widely shared experience, so people often use parenting styles as a frame for governing styles. Hierarchies are also a basic experience -- something our ancestors knew intimately since before they came down from the trees. Our ancestors and our childhood stories are full of alpha-males, hierarchies and patriarchy. The "whore" metaphor is not about nurturance nor discipline (left or right), it's not a family metaphor -- it's a word related to thinking of the world in raw power structures, seeing power as right. The more you use a metaphor, the more you reinforce that way of thinking about the world. In recent months, more and more of the messaging from Sanders and his supporters has moved from a framework of nurturance to power politics.

Hillary Clinton's efforts to crack the glass ceiling have been unleashed a shower of patriarchy and hierarchy metaphors: as she tries to take on leadership, even many people who would like to think of ourselves as anti-patriarchy are intuitively responding within that metaphor. When people respond to a woman trying to take a leadership role with words evoking those at the bottom of the patriarchy, it's evidence they are participating in a story of hierarchy and patriarchy, whether they know that is their frame or not.

Calling a corporate lawyer Senator a "whore" is implicitly seeking a way to blame the weak.

It's not an accident that we push our insults downwards on the social hierarchy.

We live in a culture that sees a sellout at the top of the financial and power hierarchy, and can only find ways to insult them by comparing them to the people at the bottom, and to women.

Whenever sexist language is used, it's a sign that the speaker is not trying to break down habits of hierarchy. Rather they are participating within that framework: arguing that their side belongs at the top of the pyramid, and that their opponent has characteristics of those at the bottom. If your mind is stuck in a hierarchy framework, you'll use metaphors that try to diminish powerful opponents by comparing them to the people at the bottom of the power pyramid.

The single greatest threat to Sanders' victory is his supporters expressing sexist bias in front of Democratic primary voters, but even that motivation is not enough to stop someone from using the word "whore" in a prepared speech. We're usually not this stupid except when we're derailed by our subconscious biases.

A Learning Moment

These habits don't disappear on their own, they have to be uprooted.

This primary could be a learning moment. Hillary Clinton is as close as any woman has ever come to cracking the highest glass ceiling in the US. She is running against a primary opponent who long ago concurred that she faces sexism. Both campaigns are full of people who see themselves as feminists. A lot of sexism is being dredged up. But so far all that is happening is the Clinton campaign takes shots at Sanders for it, while Sanders keeps his head down hoping to stay on his economic message.

Censoring a few words is trivial and misses the point. Our thinking is built with metaphors, and the controversial words are just symptoms of how we are thinking.

I don't think that having Sanders disavow his supporters when they go too far is interesting or adequate. What more can the Sanders campaign do? I'm curious to hear other readers' ideas, please leave ideas in the comments.

My first thoughts:

• Sanders shouldn't have ducked, he shouldn't have answered with a short tweet. Don't try to hide our impulses to use inappropriate words, but dig up why we have those impulses. The very quick admonition "Don't say that; get back on topic" should be transformed into longer explorations of why we turn to the words we choose. It's not about inappropriate word use: it is about our tendencies to assume a story of hierarchy and patriarchy, where we want to be at the top of the pyramid. Subservience to the powerful and slandering of the powerless is at the core of Sanders' message when it comes to campaign contributions. When people in his campaign are participating in that worldview, he has the best opportunity to change the way people thing.
• Sanders needs to teach and empower his supporters to engage each other, using this campaign to reduce sexism. His campaign needs to put out some writings, perhaps an image that works well on social media, that his supporters can use when others use sexist language in his name. He should be asking his supporters to learn. We need to be a bit tougher on ourselves, figuring out why we think what we think, exploring the stories we're telling ourselves. To the extent that he doesn't do this, he is leaving a vacuum that should be filled by both Hillary Clinton and all her supporters. The most powerful technique is to reduce accusations and focus on teaching and getting conversations started. It's very hard to convince people who don't see themselves as sexist that they are sexist, to "score points" when there is no referee. Taking on leadership roles as educators among Sanders volunteers would draw progressives who want politicians to lead, and who need to be reminded of the full breadth of progressive values.

The words are just a symptom. We all need to be asked, and to ask ourselves, what language we're using, and what that tells us about how our minds are currently programmed. Calling a corrupt corporate lawyer a whore is not an accident, it's not just a word; it shows an underlying way of thinking about the world that is backwards.

I would like to see either politician -- or if they are willing to put mission ahead of their campaigns, both, together -- give a speech that calls Americans on our habits. Can they discuss why a woman gaining power is causing people to turn to sexist language?

In an ideal world, Clinton and Sanders would work this out together.

This primary is an ideal time to uproot some very old and foul parts of our culture. The Democratic debates started in the right place. But as politics heat up, we're moving away from metaphors of nurturing or discipline-building parents, and towards gang metaphors. The Trump campaign is not at all framed upon the traditional Republican strict father metaphor, but upon hierarchy metaphors. Trump is the strongman leading his gang of voters, not a disciplined leader demanding sacrifices. We need to be discussing this, and helping our own communities wake out of accidental gang-, power- and hierarchy-metaphors.

Both Democratic primary campaigns are acting desperate now, which suits neither of them. This is a vitally important time for them to figure out what they really disagree about, stick to it, and shake hands on the rest.

Goals Overview

Sanders twin goals are to build a movement bursting with enthusiasm and swing swingable voters -- without his movement's bursting enthusiasm offending those swingable voters. The primary seems to be a race against time and and isolation within his demographics.

Value differentiation + Story or metaphor that fit those goals

Bernie Sanders' central story (see chap1) intertwines two threads: like FDR he is a true progressive who will represent ordinary people in a time of trouble, plus he is honest, trustworthy and willing to stand up to corruption.

From a framing perspective, he began strikingly coherent for a modern Democrat: he's an idealist, arrested for Civil Rights long ago, he'll defend his opponent from false charges today, birds land on his podium. He's no slick politician, too busy fighting for you to comb his hair. He is about as as far from the viciousness of online comments as you can get. But he has built a movement that spends a lot of time blasting disagreement online, and is on the edge of watching his movement sink into the bitterness of modern American politics.

For Sanders Supporters

Most people already think that Sanders has integrity. What blocks support for Sanders among progressives is a sense that he is contributing to division instead of supporting other progressives, and setting back the work Clinton could do to reduce sexism and get Americans used to women in leadership roles. Counter this:

Strategy for the Campaign

Goals Analysis

Usually for Democrats, bridging the fractures between electorates is helpful -- since the Southern Strategy, the Republicans have been moving towards trigger issues instead of calm conversations about economic interests. Sanders campaign is an unusual position: even though he doesn't desire to go negative, it is in his interest to get people to believe that there is a big difference between him and Clinton. Time is against him, complacent people will vote for who they planned to vote for last year; but he can't go negative, since many Democrats have now known Hillary Clinton for decades. It's an unusual election: Sanders can't go negative and still be "Bernie," but has to leave people understanding Clinton's shortcomings.

Analysis: Matching Strategy to Goals and Story

How do you get your movement to understand your opponents corruption, without building a smear-campaign that dirties your own? Hillary Clinton has built a political machine. This is the goal of most politicians, and the bane of citizens but hard to avoid. She is also the target of unending smear campaigns by Republicans. What is the best way to get fellow Democrats to focus on her corruption? I think the best lead is to agree that much of what is aimed at Hillary is mere smears: all progressives and all honest people should notice the unending Benghazi attack squads, purely motivated by politics and vicious. Follow that by agreeing to positives that all Hillary's supporters already believe in -- and press your base to come come back and be rational. Then, only then, target a few aspects of Hillary's willingness to participate in Washington corruption. The Goldman Sachs speeches are the perhaps the best lead issue, because it is something she could change, at any given moment. Is it ok for corporations to hand politicians briefcases full of cash? How is it different if the politician has to give a speech first? The refusal to share the speeches gets to the heart of what I think both Clintons have done: taking the corruption that always occurs in the shadows, and not being embarrassed by it, making it step by step more acceptable.

Engage the Backfire

Sanders has been weak at discouraging endemic sexism in his movement, and light-weight radicalism that is dismissive of other activists' work.

Out-Grouping: @BernieOrBust

When Bernie supporters post this type of message on social media, who are they talking to?
This feels like Bernie supporters trying to have a conversation with Hillary Clinton and the very top people at the DNC, but on social media it's actually read by their friends. The politicians might be corrupt, but their supporters aren't, and we need to get better at connecting with them as human beings, not declaring ahead of time what kind of tantrum we will have if *we* fail to phone bank, donate and get good enough at convincing people to vote for the candidate we like.

This follows a pattern of weak leadership within the movement. This might not be something that can be overcome even in theory: Sanders didn't make this movement, and it likely won't listen to him when it disagrees. But so far, his voice has been very weak at calling for, not necessarily party unity, but progressive sanity and mutual respect. I hear that he will vote for Clinton to prevent Trump, perhaps holding his nose is fine, but there is too little effort to get his supporters to stop holding their noses while taking with Clinton supporters, and not just the politicians.

Tactics that Work

I think the Sanders campaign is adrift after an amazing start. He wishes the sexism in his movement would go away so he can get back to work -- wishes are not leadership. Hillary Clinton is who he said she was, a typical machine politician who is not a good choice for President, but he is getting exhausted with her (in my estimation) and in danger of coming across as an angry person leading an angry movement. The movement is listening to its own voices and radicalizing, spending so much time in the world of politics as to forget what people who don't love politics will experience. The two key changes in his campaign would be to narrow the heat aimed at Clinton to one or two issues [even if as a supporter of his you can find a dozen that make you furious] while remaining conscious and accepting of her strengths, and finding a way to take a leadership role on the hate and sexism permeating so much of our political system. These could be best combined by getting some people who would be good teachers up on stage, jointly with the Clinton campaign.

The best thing supporters of either candidate can do is initiate calls to supporters of the other Democrat and work on voter registration together. Are any of your friends or friends-of-friends on facebook Sanders supporters?

If the Bernie fans were better listeners about sexism, they'd have won this primary; if they mobilize down-ticket and run voter registrations they can heal the feeling of division, which will draw support from many progressives who feel a functioning and unified Democratic Party is our only hope.

Goals Overview

Hillary Clinton needs to win the primary decisively and re-integrate the party under her leadership. Decisively often means a landslide, but not in this case: decisively means the Sanders supporters feel heard, feel they lost a fair fight -- and that the first time after the primary that the Republican nominee says something horrible they will rally for the joint cause even if they are not ready to give up their first choice yet. How do individual supporters of Hillary help her win the primary, re-integrate the party, and landslide in November?

Value differentiation + Story or metaphor that fit those goals

Hillary Clinton's central story ( see chap1) is straightforward: she and Bernie Sanders (and especially his supporters) share the same basic values , but she is much better prepared to win the presidential campaign and govern the country.

He is an idealist who has no chance; she is a pragmatist who knows how to win. You can't leave that story and make him into a menace, without distorting your message. This means that even if he is winning primaries, even if he is taken as a threat by campaign managers, her supporters should project cool and calm. Sanders supporters metaphor might be an honest outsider storming the gates of the corrupt establishment, it's a battle -- that is not Hillary's metaphor, don't participate in it.

Analysis: Matching Strategy to Goals and Story

Hillary has the numbers to win. So her movement's goal is no longer to fight Sanders, but to bridge the fracture among progressives, so that as many Sanders supporters as possible join the campaign as November approaches. This is a tricky goal, people are in the habit of fighting when it comes to politics, but that goes both against the story her supporters should be framing, and against the real threats to her becoming President -- she has overwhelming odds at the Democratic Convention, and near-even odds in November. She needs to beat Sanders in a way that feels decisive: but decisive among friends is more about a fair contest than a big margin.

The struggle between Hillary and Bernie supporters is getting uglier, and this endangers her odds of being President more than anything else that could be changed right now.

The best attitude for people who want to see President Hillary Clinton inaugurated next January: cool, pragmatic, and expressing thanks to the Sanders supporters for livening up this primary and registering so many more young people. When you post on social media, don't engage Sanders in a battle: we have to win the White House, and almost more important need to do the work to win seats in Congress so the Democratic President has some power.

For Hillary Supporters

Focus on Differences Between Republicans and Democrats

A key narrative is whether the Democratic Party mostly helps or is mostly the same as the Republicans -- and this is won or lost mostly through framing, not arguments. If you try to weigh this in some kind of scale, both sides can cherry-pick arguments all day long, and will just reinforce their existing views. Looking back, Abolition, Civil Rights, existing women's rights and same-sex marriage all feel inevitable; looking at history moving forward these were all difficult fights.

If Gore had been elected or Hillary had been President in 2001, we would not have invaded Iraq, so would not have ISIS, and perhaps the Arab Spring might have happened more slowly and sanely. Elections matter. You want people to think about this, and not focus on decisions in Libya or Syria: there was a very easy decision not to invade Iraq, that left the Obama administration with impossible decisions. Keep your story about the Civil Rights Democrats and the Southern-Strategy-era Republicans, or optional wars begun enthusiastically -- your goal has to be to unite the Democrats, share your pragmatic story, don't try to say "no" to the too-idealistic-to-win half of the party.

Reinforce Weak Points

Those are the issues to bring up. Besides the Wall Street connections, one of the most challenging issues for Hillary is her role in the US acquiescing to the coup in Honduras. Less popular issues like these are part of what is driving progressive activists to Sanders, which has a slow ripple effect as they bring their friends along. If you can explain her role in the Honduras coup, please leave that in the comments. Fortunately for her electoral odds the Republicans are unlikely to take this up.

Strategy for the Campaign

Tactics that Backfire

I'm writing this before the NY primaries, and the campaign appears in framing-disarray, going more and more negative along with Sanders. Trying to leverage the mostly-tactical disagreements about gun control into a story that evokes Sandy Hook victims fits Sanders' frame that this is a contest of values, not Clinton's frame that pragmatism and experience is what you should vote for. This one issue is basically the reverse of all the others: Sanders is the pragmatist with smaller goals here, and probably better odds of reaching across the aisle. Clinton is turning up the heat, when her overall victory requires cool calculations of qualifications to prevail. This is a good time to re-read George Lakoff's Don't Think of an Elephant -- the Clinton campaign is aiming at Sanders weaknesses rather than sticking to their own story.

Going negative will backfire. Sanders trust ratings are through the roof, and a large slice of the Democratic movement has become loyal. Clinton will get a few more delegates or a lot more delegates than Sanders -- honestly, if you like Hillary Clinton but believe her campaign is about to go into a free fall and the rest of the primary will be a landslide for Sanders, there's no point anyway. Beat him by at least 1%, by 1 delegate, with decency, and Hillary Clinton is positioned to be the next President of the United States.

Tactics that Work

Both Clintons, and the Third Way in general, seem to ride the polls rather than try to lead them, which is a losing long-term strategy. Hillary Clinton needs one or two talking points that burn more strongly. Gun control was brought to the fore -- it's not her strong issue that reveals her passions, it's Sanders' weak issue. What does Clinton care about? It doesn't matter if Sanders agrees or disagrees, strategically it's better if it is something all Democrats agree on, just that we have a strong sense that she will care while she advocates for it. I would recommend:

1. Something about women or girls that really speaks to Hillary's heart -- broad position papers are great, but Hillary Clinton should pick something that she can barely talk about without tearing up, whatever it is.
2. The Iran deal -- an international diplomacy effort where competence might prevent a war.

Sanders and his supporters should be behind her on these -- at a metaphor level, behind her, supporters of her efforts but less capable of leading, not opponents as in the gun control case.

Victory

Hillary seems ready to win. Then what? What is the psychological state you want the Sanders movement to leave with? Disempowered and defeated? How does this message to Sanders supporters feel: if you can't beat Hillary in the primary, your movement isn't strong enough to win in November either. You can give them the free point in return -- if Sanders does win the primary, it means Hillary was always too weak a candidate for November and her supporters should thank him for giving us a chance in November, but only if he really wins. So bring it, try to win the primary, but if you can't win, stop whining and grow your movement instead. Stop focusing on just the top of the ticket. Bring everything you brought for Sanders to the next mid-term election. Let the Sanders movement swing a swing state governorship, or a thousand school districts, and you're in the minor leagues and on you're way up. This is what we really need, we need you, to start doing hard work and not just showing up for someone to suddenly appear on the stage but be unable to convince 51% of American voters. We're waiting for you.

The best thing supporters of either candidate can do is to work on voter registration together. If you make the call, if you post on facebook that you want Sanders supporters to join you in registering voters, you are walking into a very pragmatic and positive leadership role -- exactly your candidate's story. Are any of your friends or friends-of-friends on facebook Sanders supporters? Get started!

If the Bernie fans were better listeners about sexism, they'd have one this primary; if the Hillary fans showed the Bernie supporters how to really mobilize down-ticket and run voter registrations, if they'd reached across the division and show (not argue) how much work full-ticket victory will take, they'd have drawn away much of his fire.

Resources list (help me grow this):
Hillary Clinton told the truth about her Iraq war vote. She has not spoken with much clarity, trying to avoid her weak spots, which I don't think is helping people trust her. But this is both truthful and about as positive a spin as I think you can find on her Iraq vote.